Unveiling Disparities. Subnational Male-Female Fertility Differences Across Six Countries over Time

Fertility indicators traditionally focus on woman’s reproductive behavior, neglecting the nuanced contributions of men. This study addresses this gap by conducting a subnational analysis of fertility differences between men and women, utilizing high- quality administrative registers from Australia, Finland, France, Germany, Mexico and the United States. We examine fertility timing and quantum for men and women over time and across countries using demographic and regression methods. Subnational gender differences in fertility exceed country-level figures, which relates to gender differences in population structures and age-pattern in fertility. Regions in Mexico and Germany stand out with pronounced gender-differences in fertility quantum, which are related to historical idiosyncrasies that have repercussions on population structures, such as the war on drugs in Mexico leading to excess male mortality and the German reunification leading to gender-selective migration from East to West Germany. Progress in human and gender development drive secular trends in gender differences in fertility, showing human development as particularly significant. In conclusion, this report describes male and female fertility differences at the subnational level and our results underscore the limitations of relying solely on female fertility indicators, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches in fertility research.